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Australia

Withapproximately 7.7million Km², is Australia thelargestisland of the worldand thesixth-biggest state. In Australia,lives22.3 millionpeoplewhich is circaa quarter of thepopulation of Germany. Morethan 70% of the populationlives alongthe coast, because a big part of the continentisverydry.A bigpartofAustralia's population belongs to theChristiancommunity.The capitalis Canberraand not Sydney what many people believes.Australia isdividedinto 7states: WesternAustralia, NorthernTerritory, Queensland, South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania. Theofficiallanguage of Australiais English, but thepronunciationis differentfrom the traditionalEnglish.

On left side of theflagofAustralia you can see theBritish flag, this should remind thetimewhen Australiawas still a colony from Britain. UnderTheFlagisa starwithsevenserrate, one for each state.The other starsare representingthe"Southern Cross". This is a star constellation which youcan seein Australiaforthe whole year.

Climate
Because Australiais very big there aredifferent climatezones, in principle theycan bedividedinto the followingclimate zones.

The North

The zoneof northern Australiais characterizedby hottemperaturesof 50°and up to 100% humidity in thesummerandequallywarmtemperaturesin winter.In thetropicsthere arerainyand dry seasons. The rainy seasonis from November toApril, and the dryseason from Mayto October.In the rainy season comes to heavy rains and cyclones which can cause widespread flooding.These Fierce weather phenomenacan evenwash whole streets awayat this reason there are barely paved roads in North Australia.

The east andwest coast

Inthe zonesat the west andeast coast of Australia, temperatures are more moderateandless precipitationthan in the northof Australia. Thetemperatures fallrarelydeeperthan 20° in winter. In the summer is the climate is pleasant withaverage 20– 30

Central of Australia

Itrains rarely InCentral of Australia.The temperaturesareextremely hot and the nightsare cool in summer. In winter, the daysare warm, at night the temperature candrop below freezing point

The South Coast

In thewarm temperatezoneof South Australia, there are hot summers andmild wintersthat weathercan beroughly comparablewith theCentral Europeanclimate. Often, theenvironment plays crazy in thisarea.In Melbourne,for example, the weather canchange dramaticallyseveral times a day.

Economy

Agriculture was till the 19th Centuryisthebasisof the prosperityof Australianscontributed.

Mainlythroughthe export ofwool, wheat andmeatreachedthe country one ofthe world'shighest per-capita income.After the 2nd World War the exploitation of mineral resources increased the national income.Australia'smajortrading partnersare Japan, USA, China, GreatBritain,Europe, New ZealandandSoutheastAsiancountries. The currencyin Australiais the Australian dollar(AUD). 100 centsequals 1dollar.According theactualexchange rateis 1€ 1.249 Australiandollars.

Mineral resources

 

Australiais one of theleading goldproducers although therecoveryhas declinedsincethe 50s.Australia is the world's largest producerof bauxite, alumina, rutile, zirconand other important mineral resources. They found manydiamond fields in Australia.Agriculture

 Agriculture isone of themost important industriesin Australiaapproximately80%fromagriculturalproducts are exported.With morethan 100million sheep,Australia is thelargestwoolproducersof the world.Almost 95% of the annualwool productionis usuallyasraw woolexports.in Australia live 12allsheep of theEarth. Australia traded also withwheatandsugarcane.For severalyears, theexports with Australian wines are boomingtheygainabout1.85 billion euros.

Tourism

 Tourism is averyimportanteconomic factorbecause itcontributesup to 13.6billion. Thefavoritedestinationsoftourists are thecity’sSydney,Canberraand Melbourne, which are allvery individual. Becausetourism is averylargesource of income forthe country is, thereisno problem togeta cheap hotel room.Manytourists visit also one of themany nationalparks.

State Budget

The state budgetincludes358.4 billionU.S.dollars of expendituresin 2009,therevenuestoodoverof323.6 billionU.S.dollars.                                                                                                                This resulted is abudget deficit equivalentyieldsof 3.7% of GDP.
Public debt wasin 2009 amounted to172.1 billionU.S.dollars, or 18.6% of the GDP

History

About 50,000years BC:

Around thistimewas still  a land bridgebetween Australia, New Guinea, Indonesian islands oftheAsiaticmainland.Overthisland bridge, the first people migratedto Australia.

About 30,000years BC:

Archaeologists discovered first settlements andtombs of population.

85-160 years AC:

ClaudiusPtolemy,a geographer, astronomer and mathematician,drawsona map,onecontinent in the south, which he called"Terra AustraliaIncognita".

Middle Ages

Australia is at this time unknown in Europe but playinthemedievalmythology andlogic animportantrole.Previouslyit was believedthatthe world is adiscandsomething must balance the weight of EuropeandAsia.This should be donebya SouthCountry.

13./14.Century

The Chinesewere sailingin the 13thand 14CenturythroughtheIndonesianarchipelagoto East Africa. Probably theyhavefoundAustralia.

 Arabsailors arrived in the 13thCenturyalsoIndonesia. They reached presumably thenortherncoast of Australia too.

16. Century

Exactly whenthe EuropeansdiscoveredAustraliaisunclear. Butprobably is thatithas beendiscoveredby Portuguesesailors, they knewAustraliasince the 16thCentury.

17.Century

In the 17.Century began many documentedexpeditionsto Australiabegan.

18. Century

1770south ofpresent-daySydneyJames CookreachedAustralia andclaimtheentirecountryfor the Britishcrown.At this time,about 300,000Aboriginesliving on theisland.After theUnited Stateshassplit fromEnglandin 1787first timeoffender were   broughtto Australia. JohnMacArthurintroduced theMerino sheep in 1797.

19. Century

1803   Establishment of the firstsettlement.Hobartwas foundedby DavidCollinson the DerwentRiverin Tasmania

20. Century

On 1in January 1901, the once independentcoloniesformed the Commonwealthof Australia.Australia'sfirst capitalwasMelbourne. On 26September1907,the Commonwealth of Australia got the almost completeindependence from Britain. 1908because ofthe rivalrybetween Melbourneand Sydney,Canberra,isestablished as the capitalof Australia.

1914out of loyaltytoEngland Australiasentin the First World War.

 1939becauseofthe closeratiowith BritainandAustraliaand a militaryallianceAustralia occursin theSecond World War.

1951 Australiacloses with the U.S. andNew Zealand a defense alliance theANZUS.

1960AboriginesgetAustraliancitizensandhavea on social benefits.

1962 TheAboriginal peoplereceivethe right to vote. In thesame years49 000yearssoldiersweresent to Vietnambecause of thedefenseallianceANZUS.

1966 the Australiandollar wasIntroduction(AUD) as the nationalcurrency.The pound was, the local currency, until now.

 

1967 TheAborigines got all civilrights.

 1970Victoria was the firststatewhichgave backsome land.to the Aboriginal.

1999Was areferendum overretention monarchy, the majority was for retaining the monarchy.

Policy

Australiais a parliamentarymonarchy,witha monarchas supremehead of state but the monarch have only a representative functions. The politicaldecision-making hasthe elected parliament. Like in Germany, the states have her own national parliaments in many areas they can make their own laws. .An interesting andpeculiarscheme isthecompulsoryvoting . Theabsence in the election is punishedfor the firsttimewitha fineof $ 20.Repeated stay away is punished with imprisonment.The electionsareas usual in aDemocraticsecret.Women got the vote right for the first time thecolony of South Australiain 1892.Since 1962, the Aborigineshavethe right to vote


- National (Federal Government)
- Federally(State Government)
- local (Municipal).
Head of state 

TheAustralianhead of stateis Britain's QueenElizabethII.She is represented bythe Governor-Generalin Australia.The Queenappointsthemon a proposal fromtheelectedAustralian government.TheGovernor Generalisrepresentedin each state from agovernor.

                   The Governor-General of Australia, Quentin Bryce

Legislature

InAustralia is afreely electedBicameralParliament, the legislative. The twochambersare theSenateandthe House of Representatives.

The Senate

The statessentsenatorsinthe Senate.The senatorsare elected by thepopulationofeach state at a according toproportional representationfor sixyears in theSenate.The Senatehas 76seats.

The House of Representatives have2 times more seatsas the Senate. Each statesendsdeputy’s in theHouse of Representatives.The number ofdeputy sof any stateisproportional to thepopulation. Each state sends a minimum of five deputies also when the state has a smallerpopulation. Deputies areelectedby popular vote for a period of three-years.The strongest person in the House of Representatives is the Prime Minister.

He can dissolve the House of RepresentativeiftheGovernor-General agrees.Since independence ofAustraliaonly aHouse of Representativeshasenjoyed thefullperiod of office.

         Stand 2010

Executive

Theexecutive poweris in the handsof the Cabinetwith the Prime Ministerat the head.Afteran election, the Chairmanof themajority partyin theHouse of Representativesappointed to Prime Minister by the Governor General. The Prime Minister appoints then theMinisters out of the House of Representative and theSenate. The prime minister is the head of thecabinetthatheforms together withthe ministers.

Judiciary

Thehighestjudicial bodyin Australia is the Supreme                                                          Court, which also functionsas a constitutionalcourt.                                                                           From theGovernor Generalachief justiceand sixother                                                           justicesareappointed which forming theSupremeCourt.                                                                 At the federallevel, there is the FederalCourt of Australia and theFamilyCourt.

External/internal politics

Australia's foreign policy wasalways closetoU.S. andhas supportedthemin many importantdecisions.For exampleAustralian sent soldiersin the VietnamWar to help the USA. Alsoin the Iraqwar, the Australians hadhelpedtheUnited States

Internal politicalproblemsare still thedeprivationofnative which still live in Australia. Although there are many state help programs, there areseriousdisadvantages for Aborigines




Great Barrier Reef:

The Great BarrierReef is thebiggestcoral reef in theworld.The Great BarrierReefis northeastfromAustraliaon the east coastof the state Queensland in theSouth Pacific. It is over 2,300kilometers long and the biggeststructure that wherecreatedbyanimals ever. Youcan seeitevenfrom space.

 The Great BarrierReefconsists of about 2600individualreefs.                  On 26October 1981was declaredthereefto a WorldHeritage Site.The coral reefoffersapproximately 350 differenttypes ofcorrals, over 1500species of fish, 4,000 types of mollusksandthousands ofothersmall creaturesa home.                  

 

Uluru:

Uluru (also called Ayers Rock) is a large rock formation in the middle of Australia, in the Northern Territory. It is located in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. It is the second-largest monolith (a stone from one piece) in the world (after Mount Augustus, also in Australia but in the West), more than 349 m high and 9 km around. It also extends 6 km into the ground.

A rope handhold makes the climb easier, but it is still quite a long and steep climb and many climbers give up partway up. There are several deaths a year in result of climbing the rock, mainly from heart failure.

Sydney Opera House:

At the bottom of Macquarie Street is the Sydney Opera House. Although it was designed back in 1957 from Jørn Oberg Utzon, but is still locking modern. The building covers 1.8 hectares of land and is 183 m  long and 120 m wide at its widest point. It is supported on 588 concrete piers sunk as much as 25 m below sea level.

His soaring white sails and one million light-reflecting make this building beautiful. Inside, it’s not all an opera; there are four big halls which offering dance, plays, films and concerts. Sometimes there are markets on Sundays.
There are a number of restaurants in the Opera House. You can go there for lunch and to enjoy the day view and later than the night-light reflections.




Kakadu National Park:
Kakadu is a 19.804 km² large national Park. The name Kakadu comes from an Aboriginal floodplain language called Gagudju which was one of the languages spoken in the north of the park at the beginning of the twentieth century. Kakadu is a cultural landscape. Aborigines live since 50,000 years in Kakadu.

Today, Aboriginal people work in partnership with the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service and in the park policy. Young Aborigines are trained as rangers and guides.

School system

The school systemin Australiais different from theground upthat inGermany. Itis more liketheAmericanor Englishschool system. Differenttypes of schools like Hauptschule, Realschule or Gymnasium don’t existthere. The schools in Australiaare all-dayschoolsfrom the first grade. The education policyis controlledat the individualstates that can lead todifferents,generally the education systemin Australia is built upas follows:



The schoolis from 9 till 15clock and there is acompulsory school attendance from 5to 16. You can thehigh School Gradationcan after 12yearsinAustralia.Almost in every school they must wear a schooluniform. Theschool uniformisa signofsolidarityof thestudentswith values ​​of theschool.Each schoolhas auniqueschool uniform, an officialschoollogo and aschoolsong.

The school yearisdividedinto terms, they takenbetween 6 and8 weeks after thesetermsfollowing2 weeks school holiday’sexceptionofmajor holidays, which take six weeks.  The focusofAustralian schoolsis to promote creativity. The school systemin Australiaconsists ofthePrimary andJunior Schoolwitch take 10 school years, after this years the students can begin training ata vocationalpublic college or at a privatevocational college. Many studentsattendedthe 11thand 12ClassofSenior SecondarySchool, in order to gain the authorizationtoattendauniversity.Atsome schools,are offered a mentoring programwhichwill produce contactsbetween studentsand professionals.

Therearealsoorganizedcamps which teach the children’s Teamwork. A teacher comesevery yearfor twoto three daystovisit his student.Learningmaterialwill be paid at the school.Coursesarealso offeredforparentsso they cansupport theirchildren'sbetter.The graduate of theSchool of Airis roughly equivalent withthe graduate of thepublicschools. Fromtheeighth-grade the children’s can continue the School of theAir but manyprefer togoto a boarding school.

.

Sources:

http: //de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Premierminister_Australiens


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