Fallaufgabe Dictionary: english theory

Transposition [ˌtrænspəˈzɪʃən]– it is the type of oppositional reduction in which we use the marked member and transgress expressive conventions of ordinary speech.

Oppositional reduction [ˌɒpəˈzɪʃən(ə)l] [rɪˈdʌkʃən]– in various contextual positions one member of an opposition can be used in the position of the other.

Distribution [ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən]– the position of an element and its combinability with other elements in this or that particular context.

Contrastive [kənˈtrɑːstɪv]– the same position, different meanings.

Non-contrastive [nɒn]-[kənˈtrɑːstɪv]– the same position, no difference in meaning; variants of the same element.

Complementary [ˌkɒmplɪˈmɛntəri]– mutual exclusiveness of pairs of forms in a certain environment; the same meaning, different positions; variants of the same element.

Word-formation [wɜːd]-[fɔːˈmeɪʃən] – the creation of new words.

Derivation [ˌdɛrɪˈveɪʃən]– the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as -ness or un-.

Analytic [ˌænəˈlɪtɪk]– in such forms there two or more words in which at least one element is an auxiliary.

Synthetic [sɪnˈθɛtɪk]– such forms that unite both lexical and grammatical meanings in one word.

Suppletive [səˈpliːtɪv]– building a form of a word from an altogether different stem.

Sound alternation [saʊnd] [ˌɔːltəˈneɪʃ(ə)n]– a way of expressing grammatical categories which consists in changing a sound inside the root.

Auxiliary [ɔːgˈzɪljəri]– a constant element of an analytical structure, which is devoid of lexical meaning (it renders grammatical meanings and is a purely grammatical element).

Descriptivism [dɪsˈkrɪptɪvɪz(ə)m]– the belief that books about language should describe how language is really used, rather than giving rules to follow saying what is correct and not correct.

Morpheme [ˈmɔːfiːm]– the smallest grammatical unit in a language.

Root [ruːt]– its most basic form, to which other parts, such as affixes, can be added.

Affix [ˈæfɪks]– a letter or group of letters added to the beginning or end of a word to make a new word

Prefix [ˈpriːfɪks]– the affix which is added to the beginning of a stem.

Suffix [ˈsʌfɪks]– the affix which is added to the end of a stem.

Inflection [ɪnˈflɛkʃən]– the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, and mood.

Distributional analysis [ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənəl] [əˈnæləsɪs]– we study units of language in the relation to their contextual environment.

Seminar 2. GRAMMATICAL CLASSES OF WORDS

1. Prescriptivism [prɪsˈkrɪptɪvɪz(ə)m] – the attempt to lay down rules defining preferred or "correct" use of language.

2. Structuralism [ˈstrʌkʧərəlɪz(ə)m] – linguistics committed to the structuralist principle that a language is a self-contained relational structure, the elements of which derive their existence and their value from their distribution and oppositions in texts or discourse.

Notional words [ˈnəʊʃənl] [wɜːdz] – denote things, actions and other extra-linguistic phenomena.

Functional words [ˈfʌŋkʃənl] [wɜːdz] – denote relations and connections between the notional words.

Semi-notional words [ˈsɛmi]-[ˈnəʊʃənl] [wɜːdz] – some notional words develop the meanings peculiar to function words.

Declinable [dɪˈklaɪnəbl] – a group of parts of speech which made by H. Sweet that includes nouns, adjectives and verbs.

Indeclinable [ˌɪndɪˈklaɪnəbl] – a group of parts of speech which made by H. Sweet that includes adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.

Substitution [ˌsʌbstɪˈtjuːʃən] – the replacement of a word or phrase with a "filler" word (such as one, so, or do) to avoid repetition.

Combinability [kəmˌbaɪnəˈbɪlɪti] – the position of a word in the sentence is the syntactic function of word.

Variability [ˌveərɪəˈbɪlɪti] – refers to regional, social or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used.

Variable [ˈveərɪəbl] – relating to variability.

Invariable [ɪnˈveərɪəbl] – explaining similarities and differences betwee how an idea is understand in ordinary usage and how it is understood when used as a conceptual metaphor.

Noun [naʊn] – a word that functions as the name of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.

Article [ˈɑːtɪkl] – a grammatical element used to indicate definiteness or indefiniteness.

Numeral [ˈnjuːmərəl] – a member of a part of speech characterized by the designation of numbers.

Pronoun [ˈprəʊnaʊn] – a word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.

Universal[ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəl] –

Verb [vɜːb] – part of speech that in syntax conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).

Adverb [ˈædvɜːb] – a word that modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, determiner, clause, preposition, or sentence.

Seminar 3. THE NOUN

1. Proper noun [ˈprɒpə] [naʊn]– a noun that in its primary application refers to a unique entity, such as London, Jupiter, Sarah, or Microsoft.

2. Common noun [ˈkɒmən] [naʊn]– a noun that is the name of a group of similar things, such as "table" or "book", and not of a single person, place, or thing.

Inanimate [ɪnˈænɪmɪt]– a semantic category of noun, which refers to a thing or concept (corn, boyhood, sleep).Inanimate nouns correlate with it, which.

Human [ˈhjuːmən]–

Non-human [nɒn]-[ˈhjuːmən]–

Collective [kɒˈlɛktɪv]– a count noun that denotes a group of individuals (e.g. assembly, family, crew).

Derived [dɪˈraɪvd]– nouns consisting of a stem and one or more morphemes (stem + affix, affix + stem – thingness).

Compound [ˈkɒmpaʊnd]– a noun made up of two or more existing words, e.g. cat food or playgroup(stem+ stem – armchair).

Determiner [dɪˈtɜːmɪnə]– a word that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context.

Singular [ˈsɪŋgjʊlə]– names one person, place, thing, or idea.

Plural [ˈplʊərəl]– names more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

Singularia tantum [ˈsɪŋɡjələrei] [ˈtɑntəm]– a noun (in any specific sense) that has no plural form and is only used with singular verbs.

Pluralia tantum [plʊˌɹɑleɪ̯] [ˈtɑntəm]– a noun (in any specific sense) that has no singular form, such as scissors (in most usage).

Discreteness [dɪsˈkriːtnəs]– numeric structure of the noun; the category of number denotes marked and unmarked discreteness (not quantity)

Discrete [dɪsˈkriːt]– the category of number is realized only within subclass of countable nouns, i.e. nouns having numeric (discrete) structure.

Gender [ˈʤɛndə]– classes of nouns reflected in the behaviour of associated words. Common gender divisions include masculine and feminine; masculine, feminine and neuter; or animate and inanimate.

Feminine [ˈfɛmɪnɪn]– a noun, pronoun, adjective, or inflectional form or class of the feminine gender.

Masculine [ˈmɑːskjʊlɪn]– a noun, pronoun, adjective, or inflectional form or class of the masculine gender.

Neuter [ˈnjuːtə]– a noun, pronoun, adjective, or inflectional form or class of the neuter gender.

Case [keɪs]– the grammatical way that writers show how nouns or pronouns relate to other words in a sentence.

Genitive [ˈʤɛnɪtɪv]– the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun.

Subjective genitive [səbˈʤɛktɪv] [ˈʤɛnɪtɪv]– the case in which the person in the genitive case creates something.

Possessive genitive [pəˈzɛsɪv] [ˈʤɛnɪtɪv]– the genitive case is when we add apostrophe S ('s) to show possession, that something belongs to another or a type of relationship between things.

Descriptive genitive [dɪsˈkrɪptɪv] [ˈʤɛnɪtɪv]– the noun in the genitive case here completely loses its meaning of possession, comes to denote a quality, and refers to a whole class of similar objects: a girls’ school (= a school for girls).

Genitive of origin [ˈʤɛnɪtɪv] [ɒv] [ˈɒrɪʤɪn]– the case in which the person in the genitive case doing something (the boy’s story – the boy told the story).

Partitive genitive [ˈpɑːtɪtɪv] [ˈʤɛnɪtɪv]– see the definition «Genetive of measure».

Appositive genitive [əˈpɒzɪtɪv] [ˈʤɛnɪtɪv]– a prepositional phrase with of as in: the month of December, the sin of pride, or the city of New York. This has also been invoked as an explanation for the double genitive: a friend of mine.

Double genitive [ˈdʌbl] [ˈʤɛnɪtɪv]– it is used when a noun is modified by two successive nouns one of which is in the genitive case and the other with the “of”- phrase: a friend of my father’s.

Seminar 7. THE ADJECTIVE

1. Substantivized [ˈsʌbstəntɪvaɪzd]– adjectives which have the functions of nouns in the sentence and are always preceded by the definite article.

Qualitative [ˈkwɒlɪtətɪv] – describe the qualities of a person or thing – whether they are large or small, happy or sad, etc.

Relative [ˈrɛlətɪv]– a pronominal adjective that introduces a clause qualifying an antecedent (as which in “our next meeting will be on Monday, at which time a new chairman will be elected”) or a clause functioning as a substantive (as which in “I do not know which course I should follow”).

Evaluative function [ɪˈvæljʊətɪv] [ˈfʌnŋkʃən]– when an adjective acquires an evaluative force and, consequently, can presuppose a greater or lesser degree ("amount") of the denoted properly in the corresponding referent.

Specificative function – when an adjective becomes a specificative, not an evaluative unit in the grammatical sense.

Stative – a property that cannot be conceived as a developing process and the dynamic property of an entity is a property that is conceived as active, or as a developing process.

Degrees of comparison [dɪˈgriːz] [ɒv] [kəmˈpærɪsn]– adjective change in form when they show comparison.

Positive [ˈpɒzətɪv]– an adjective is said to be in the positive degree when there is no comparison.

Comparative [kəmˈpærətɪv]–an adjective is said to be in the comparitive degree when it is used to compare two nouns/pronouns.

Superlative [sju(ː)ˈpɜːlətɪv]– an adjective is in superlative degree when it is used to compare more than two nouns/pronouns. We use the article 'the' before the superlative degrees.