ESSAY SOCIOLINGUISTICS
Renaissance, people needed new words to refer to the new contemporary terms for medicine and science (reformation, Copernicus, exploration of Africa and America). These words were mainly borrowed from Latin and other European languages. There were also a lot of translations of classical works in the 16th century. “English was a language fit for the street, but not for the library” (Crystal, 60).
The works of Shakespeare were vital in the influence on the evolvement of the English language (as well as the King James Bible), due to the fact that Shakespeare added a lot of words (invented) to the language (in pronunciation, lexicon, syntax and vocabulary).
Shakespeare: grammatical conversions (using nouns as verbs), he overuses hyphenated compounds. Even though all these things happened, the English writing system was still not standardized. The use of u and v wasn’t standardized until 1630s.
Introduction
1st paragraph: contextualization (Renaissance, Shakespeare)
2nd paragraph: how are these changes shown in the text?
3rd paragraph: developments or changes in Catalan or Spanish in the recent times. Such as the use of new words borrowed from English and other languages due to the turism, the recent technologies, the moving of population (castellanismes, desaparició del català com a llengua, interrupció de l’evolució del català Durant la dictadura 1936-1975)
Conclusion
Sources: Crystal Encyclopaedia
L’ús social de la llengua catalana (web)
Article proficiency
Boekje
Institut d’estudis catalans: 21 octubre 2004, Institut d’estudis Catalans
1.1.
Un segle de trasbalsos
La nostra societat i la seva llengua s'han vist afectades per les grans transformacions que han sacsejat totes les societats del nostre entorn, com ara la urbanització i els grans desplaçaments de població, la industrialització, el desenvolupament científic i tecnològic, la terciarització, l'auge del turisme, l'aparició de nous mitjans de comunicació, l'escolarització i l'alfabetització generalitzades, l'increment exponencial de la mobilitat, l'aparició de la societat de consum, el desenvolupament progressiu de l'Estat de benestar, la modificació de l'estructura familiar i dels rols socials de dones i homes, infants, adults i gent gran, i la nova immigració.
Totes aquestes transformacions han generat, arreu del món occidental, canvis lingüístics de grans dimensions: una part del patrimoni lingüístic més lligat al món rural tradicional ha reculat, probablement d'una manera irreversible, i, alhora, hom ha vist aparèixer noves varietats i maneres de comunicar lligades als contextos socials i interactius, com ara nous etnolectes o registres propis del.....[read full text]
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Please downloadthe paper. A lot of people want to learn spanish and it’s really common anywhere in the world, as it’s one of the most used languages in the world
Pick one topic from the following three and write a short essay (800-1000 words), commenting on the change or development described, discussing it in combination with possible developments or changes in your own language in recent times. Make sure you include relevant examples from English, and from your own mother tongue (or a foreign language, if you mother tongue happens to be English …).
Refer to other sources than The Cambridge Encyclopedia.
How did standardization in the 16th century affect spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar?
Illustrate on the basis of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 145 (note the long s used here).
Throughout the centuries languages change; sometimes due to some specific events such as wars or conquests and sometimes due to the mere need to change one word into a simpler one. Although not every individual will be fond of these changes, as Dr. Johnson said, “[t]otal and sudden transformations of a language seldom happen”; thus, it is uncontrollable.
This essay will convey how standardization (the imposition of uniformity upon a class of objects) of the English language in the 16th century affected the spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar of the first one, contemplating Shakespeare’s Sonnet 145 as well as the recent changes in the Catalan and Spanish language (Milroy, 2001).
The standardization of English in the 16th century conduced the language to(wards) many incontrovertible changes throughout the years, some of these changes can be seen in Shakespeare’s works as well as many other’s and nowadays languages, regardless of which, keep o.....
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Please downloadthe paper. Although it was not standardized there seems to be a pattern which told the writers when to use one “s” or the other; in the end of words you had to use the small or short “s” and a long one elsewhere. The same happens with the letter “u” and “v”, “v” is used for the beginning of words (“vsde”), regardless if the letter is used as a vocal or a consonant and “u” is used elsewhere with the same rule (“euer”).
Something similar happens with the words ending in the “I” sound, which happens to be the same sound as the one reproduced by the letter “y”. The “I” or “y” sound at the end of words is usually represented by “–ie” (“mercie”) but this rule was not standardized; thus, in other texts it is represented with the letter “y”.
There are also a lot of words ending in “–e” which was either silenced or pronounced, depending on what the poet wanted his or her poem to sound like. In Modern English these “-e” endings have disappeared in most of the words like “own” which in the text is written as “owne”, but some of them still keep that last “-e” like the words “come” or “state”.
One last thing that is certainly noticeable in this sonnet is the fact that the words ending in “–ed” are apostrophised (which makes the “e” be omitted from the word), like with the word “breath’d” or “follow’d”, which actually tell the reader not to pronounce the “e” in that word.
A language will irrefutabl.....
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