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Augustan Age Notes: Detailed Analysis of Roman Principa­te

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Augustan Age Notes: Detailed Analysis of Roman Principate

ANCIENT HISTORY

  1. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRINCIPATE


The Roman Republic– the roman republic consisted of shared power

  • Two male consuls


INTRO:

  • The republic of Rome had survived for 400 years after dictatorship was been overcome

  • It was an empire without an emperor and was rules by elected officials and written laws

  • The senate is at the very top of society, an elite class of men all equal in power all striving for fame and honour

Caesar is willing to be at the very top and rule Rome as he wants to enhance Rome and be known by everyone in order to redeem the power his family once had and was known for.


In 60 B.C., The First Triumvirate was constructed to try and gain as much power together as a group. Their aim was to elect Caesar to the consulship for 59 BC. He would be able to ensure their proposals were passed with the support of Pompey’s veterans, Crassus’s equates and the Roman people. This consisted of: (least powerful to most powerful)

  1. Crassus – money

  2. Pompey - military

  3. Julius Caesar – politics


1st to leave was: Crassus - was an extremely wealthy banker from an old Roman noble family. Crassus died in Parthia in 53 BC. This was the beginning to the end of the First triumvirate


2nd to leave the triumvirate was Pompey- Roman general and politician Pompey is murdered on the orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after trying to escape the conflict he encountered with Caesar after jealously struck as a result of Caesar’s rising power. Caesar’s successes aroused Pompey’s jealousy, however, leading to the collapse of the political alliance in 53 B.C.

The Roman Senate supported Pompey and asked Caesar to give up his army, which he refused to do. In January 49 B.C., Caesar led his legions across the Rubicon River from Cisalpine Gaul to Italy, thus declaring war against Pompey and his forces.

3rd to leave was Julius Caesaras he declared himself as a sole ruler (Emperor) which lead to his assassination. His was killed at the feet of a statue of Pompey – one of the men he was in conflict with. He was assassinated by Brutus and Cassius as they stabbed him an average of 23 times.

The assassination of Julius Caesar was the result of a conspiracy by many Roman senators (he would become the dictator of Rome). Led by Cassius and Brutus, they stabbed Julius Caesar to death in a location adjacent to the Theatre of Pompey on the Ides of March, 44 BC.

David Shotter quotes: “Brutus and Cassius had no plans for the future other than believing that the death of Caesar would lead to the restoration of the republic.”

  • This shows that people were starting to fear his power and the possible chance of having another Roman dictator

  • It also shows that the Roman people much preferred the republic system as it allowed for more freedom and equality


AFTER THE DEATH OF CAESAR:

  • Once Brutus and Cassius had killed Caesar they had no plan as to what should happen with the Roman government which in turn caused a power vacuum as no one was in charge.

  • Marc Antony wanted to try and fix this situation however this did not work out as Octavian, Caesar’s heir was rising to power. Soon after the Second .....[read full text]

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ROMAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE:


PATRICIANS


PLEBIANS


SLAVES


PLEBIANS:

They were members of the general citizenry in ancient Rome. They were originally excluded from the senate and from all public offices except that of military tribune.

-common roman citizens


PATRICIANS:

People of high rank from aristocratic and noble families.

-privileged citizens


OCTAVIAN

  1. What was essence of the Republican system of government?

It allowed power to be shared between the senate and the consul.


  1. What happened to Roman politics immediately after the assassination of Julius Caesar?

They tried to revert back to the Republican system by making Marc Antony consul.


  1. What does it mean by a power vacuum?

When there is no one is in charge leaving emptiness for a position to be filled. This occurred after Brutus and Cassius assassinated Caesar and had no plan as to what they would do regarding leadership.


  1. What did Octavian do when he first came back to Rome in 44BC?

Octavian marched his troops on Rome, demand (and won) the consulship, and then returned to North to meet with Antony and with another of Caesar’s close collaborators, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. He tried to get Caesar’s supporters to follow him.


  1. Who was Cice.....

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  1. Who were the main people murdered off under the Second Triumvirate?

The first person to leave was Cicero. Then Brutus and Cassius were later killed off during the battle of Phillipi.


  1. How was the Roman Empire divided up under the Second Triumvirate? (Who got what)

Marc Antony – had the east which provided him with access to vast amounts of resources.

Lepidus – Spain

Octavian – Rome – had access to controlling from the central part of the empire.

  1. What problems did Octavian encounter from his ‘share’?

Sextus was a pirate who controlled the sea trade routes. He stopped the grain supply from entering Rome. This left limited food in Rome and upset the people. Octavian needed to keep the veteran soldiers happy by providing for them. Lucius Antonius (Marc Antony’s brother) was also creating problems for Octavian in case he was to succeed.


  1. How did Octavian use the “pr.....

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The people favoured the military and political strengths of Octavian. He ended a 100 year civil war, brought grain supply back to Rome. The people felt and obligation/loyalty towards Octavian.




GAIUS OCTAVIAN – DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRINCIPATE: SETTLEMENTS OF 27BC AND 23BC


27BC – The First Settlement

  • Consulship for 10 years (Rome)


  • Proconsul for Gaul, Spain and Syria (the bulk of Rome’s army was based here)


  • Civic crown


  • Golden shield


  • Wreath – bay leaves


  • Was awarded the name ‘Augustus’ after the Establisher of Rome as he had basically rebuilt and saved Rome from its declination

23BC – The Second Settlement

  • Tribunicia Potestas

This allowed Augustus to:

  • Speak first in the senate

  • Veto changes proposed by the senate


  • Maius Imperium: the power to intervene in any province (military)


  • In 27BC after The Battle of Actium, had a lot of power due to both propaganda and his success at war with Mark Antony.


  • Because of this, he did not want to be seen as a dictator/emper.....

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  • He is seen as the personification of power and authority

  • He is barefoot, suggesting hero or divine nature


    • On his chest shows the gods witnessing Augustus’ victory over the Parthians

  • They include Apollo, Sol and Diana. Other figures depict people who were taken over or forced to pay tribute


    • The central scene of the cuirass depicts the return of standards that had been lost to the Parthians following Crassus’ defeat in 53BC.

    • Antony failed to achieve this. This restoration of Roman honour had great propaganda value.


    IMAGES OF THE PRINCEPS

    • Augustus was heavily aware of the value of propaganda and the importance of image

    • Some images were in the form of buildings and literature

    • Only a small amount of people saw Augustus therefore presentation on coins, statues and monuments was important

    • Image provided focus for loyalty. Augu.....

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    TITLES AND HONOURS:

    • Augustus tended to emphasise the honours and titles that were bestowed above him.

    • He states in his Res Gestae that he draw attention to his “Tribunician Authority” rather than his “Maius Imperium.”


    • In his Res Gestae (his autobiography) section 34 he mentions:


    • The title ‘Augustus’ conferred upon him

    • The Laurel leaves that decked his house

    • The Civic Crown affixed over his doorway

    • The Golden Shield set up in the Julian senate house


    • He was acclaimed imperator twenty one times

    • In section 7 of the Res Gestae Augustus lists his priestly positions including augur and pontifex maximus which was the most important religious position in Rome

    • Section 25 he states that the Roman people gave him the title “father of the country.” Although it did not give him power it gave him the image of the ‘father role on the family.’

    • The five titles Augustus used were: pontifex maximus, consul, imperator, Tribunicia Potestas and pater patriae (father of the country)

    THE .....

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    The female pair represents the consequences of those qualities: the victory of Rome, and the fruitful prosperity of the Earth under Rome’s rule. Augustus’ family, male and female, make the link between the two.” Wallace Hadrill




    .....


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